Health Library
X-rays of the Skull (Skull X-ray Studies) Procedure overview What are X-rays of the skull? X-rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs on film. Standard X-rays are performed for many reasons, including diagnosing tumors or bone injuries. X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the body, its organs, and other internal structures for diagnostic purposes. X-rays pass through body tissues onto specially treated plates (s...
X-rays of the Extremities (X-ray of the Arm, Leg, Hand, Wrist, Foot, Ankle, Shoulder, Knee, or Hip) Procedure overview What are X-rays of the extremities? X-rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs on film. Standard X-rays are performed for many reasons, including diagnosing tumors, infections, or bone injuries. X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the body, its organs, and other internal structures for diagnosti...
X-rays of the Spine, Neck, or Back (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, or Coccygeal X-ray Studies) Procedure overview What are X-rays of the spine, neck, or back? X-rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to make images of internal tissues, bones, and organs on film. Standard X-rays are performed for many reasons. These include diagnosing tumors or bone injuries. X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the body, its organs, and other internal structures for diagnostic p...
X-linked Recessive: Red-Green Color Blindness, Hemophilia A Genes are inherited from our biological parents in specific ways. One of the basic patterns of inheritance of our genes is called X-linked recessive inheritance. What is X-linked inheritance? X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one X and one Y. Genes on the X chromosome can be recessive or dominant. Their expression in females and m...
X-linked Dominant: Incontinentia Pigmenti Genes are inherited from our biological parents in specific ways. One of the basic patterns of inheritance of our genes is called X-linked dominant inheritance. What is X-linked dominant inheritance? X-linked dominant inheritance occurs when a gene responsible for a trait or disorder is located on the X chromosome. The gene acts in a dominant manner. This means that both males and females can display the trait or disorder when they have only one copy of the gene...
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia? X-linked agammaglobulinemia, also called Bruton's agammaglobulinemia or congenital agammaglobulinemia, was the first immunodeficiency disease ever identified. "X-linked" means that the gene which causes this agammaglobulinemia is located on the X chromosome, and therefore primarily affects males because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of the gene. The disease causes the child to be unable to produce antibodies that...
X-linked Inheritance Genes are the blueprints for making proteins, the substances our bodies need to develop and work properly. Most genes come in pairs, one of which is inherited from the mother and the other from the father. A mutation is a change in a gene that prevents it from working properly. Mutations in genes are inherited from our biological parents in specific ways. One of the common patterns of genetic inheritance is called X-linked inheritance. What is X-linked inheritance? X-linked inherita...
Xalkori A drug used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer that has a mutated (changed) form of a gene called anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Xalkori blocks the protein made by the mutated ALK gene. Blocking this protein may stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. Xalkori may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. ...
Xgeva A drug used to prevent or treat certain bone problems. Under the brand name Xgeva, it is used to prevent broken bones and other bone problems caused by solid tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bone. Under the brand name Prolia, it is used to treat osteoporosis (a decrease in bone mass and density) in postmenopausal women who have a high risk of breaking bones. Xgeva binds to a protein called RANKL, which keeps RANKL from binding to another protein called RANK on the surface of certain bone ...
XELOX An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs capecitabine (Xeloda) and oxaliplatin. Also called XELOX regimen.
XELOX regimen An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat colorectal cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs capecitabine (Xeloda) and oxaliplatin. Also called XELOX.
Xanax A drug used to treat anxiety disorders and panic attacks. It is being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by some cancer treatments. It is a type of benzodiazepine. Also called alprazolam.
XL880 A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. XL880 blocks enzymes involved in the growth and spread of tumor cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called foretinib and MET/VEGFR-2 inhibitor GSK1363089.
Xyotax A form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel combined with a protein called poliglumex that may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. Also called CT-2103, paclitaxel poliglumex, and paclitaxel polyglutamate.
Xeloda A drug used to treat stage III colon cancer in patients who had surgery to remove the cancer. It is also used to treat metastatic breast cancer that has not improved after treatment with certain other anticancer drugs. Xeloda is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It is taken up by cancer cells and breaks down into 5-fluorouracil, a substance that kills tumor cells. Xeloda is a type of antimetabolite. Also called capecitabine.
XRP9881 A substance that is being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called taxane derivatives.
X-linked recessive X-linked recessive inheritance refers to genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome. A male carrying such a mutation will be affected, because he carries only one X chromosome. A female carrying a mutation in one gene, with a normal gene on the other X chromosome, will be unaffected.
xerogram A picture of the body recorded on paper rather than on film. Also called xeroradiograph.
xeroradiography A type of x-ray in which a picture of the body is recorded on paper rather than on film.
xeroderma pigmentosum A genetic condition marked by an extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, including sunlight. People with xeroderma pigmentosum are not able to repair skin damage from the sun and other sources of ultraviolet radiation, and have a very high risk of skin cancer.
x-ray A type of radiation used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.
XK469R A substance that is being studied in the treatment of leukemia. It belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.
XR9576 A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may help tumor cells respond again to drugs they have become resistant (unable to respond) to. XR9576 is a type of multidrug resistance inhibitor and a type of P-glycoprotein antagonist. Also called tariquidar.
xerostomia Dry mouth. It occurs when the body is not able to make enough saliva.
xeroradiograph A picture of the body recorded on paper rather than on film. Also called xerogram.
x-ray therapy A type of radiation therapy that uses high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
xenograft The transplant of an organ, tissue, or cells to an individual of another species.
Xerophthalmia A condition of excessive dryness of the outer layers of the eye, the conjunctiva, and the cornea. Most common causes include local disease in the eye and vitamin-A deficiency.
X-rays of the Spine, Neck, or Back Podcast Detailed information on x-ray of the spine, neck, and back, including the reasons and preparation for the procedure, how the procedure is performed, after care, and an anatomical illustration of the spine. Play Audio
X-rays of the Skull Podcast Detailed information on x-ray of the skull, including the reasons and preparation for the procedure, how the procedure is performed, after care, and an anatomical illustration of the bones of the skull. Play Audio
Xylitol Oral solution What is this medicine? XYLITOL (ZAHY li tawl) oral solution is a prescription medical food. It is used to prevent recurrent ear infections in children. How should I use this medicine? Take this solution by mouth. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Use a specially marked spoon or container to measure each dose. Ask your pharmacist if you do not have one. Household spoons are not accurate. Take after meals and/or snacks. Do not take more often than directed. Talk to you...
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